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汽車底盤構造和四大體系詳解

動力轉向機構

動力轉向機是利用外部動力協助司機輕便操作轉向盤的裝置。隨著最近汽車發動機馬力的增大和扁平輪胎的普遍使用，使車重和轉向阻力都加大了，因此動力轉向機構越來越普及。值得注意的是，轉向助力不應是不變的，因為在高速行駛時，輪胎的橫向阻力小，轉向盤變得輕飄，很難捕捉路面的感覺，也容易造成轉向過于靈敏而使汽車不易控制。所以在高速時要適當減低動力，但這種變化必須平順過度。

（一）液壓式動力轉向裝置 液壓式動力轉向裝置重量輕，結構緊湊，利于改善轉向操作感覺，但液體流量的增加會加重泵的負荷，需要保持怠速旋轉的機構。

（二）電動式動力轉向裝置 電動式動力轉向裝置是最新形式的轉向裝置，由于它節能，故受到人們的重視。它是利用蓄電池轉動電機產生推力。由于不直接使用發動機的動力，所以大大降低了發動機的功率損失(液壓式最大損失5-10馬力)，且不需要液壓管路，便于安裝。尤其有利于中置發動機后輪驅動的汽車。但目前電動式動力轉向裝置所得動力還比不上液壓式，所以只限用于前輪軸輕的中置發動機后驅動的汽車上。

（三）電動液壓式動力轉向裝置 即由電機驅動轉向助力泵并由計算機控制的方式，它集液壓式和電動式的優點于一體。因為是計算機控制，所以轉向助力泵不必經常工作，節省了發動機的功率。這種方式結構緊湊，便于安裝布置，但液壓產生的動力不能太大，所以適用排量小的汽車。

制動系簡介

汽車制動系統的構造組成及作用

汽車上用以使外界（主要是路面）在汽車某些部分（主要是車輪）施加一定的力，從而對其進行一定程度的強制制動的一系列專門裝置統稱為制動系統。其作用是：使行駛中的汽車按照駕駛員的要求進行強制減速甚至停車；使已停駛的汽車在各種道路條件下（包括在坡道上）穩定駐車；使下坡行駛的汽車速度保持穩定。

制動系工作原理圖

對汽車起制動作用的只能是作用在汽車上且方向與汽車行駛方向相反的外力，而這些外力的大小都是隨機的、不可控制的，因此汽車上必須裝設一系列專門裝置以實現上述功能。

分類：

（1）按制動系統的作用

制動系統可分為行車制動系統、駐車制動系統、應急制動系統及輔助制動系統等。用以使行駛中的汽車降低速度甚至停車的制動系統稱為行車制動系統；用以使已停駛的汽車駐留原地不動的制動系統則稱為駐車制動系統；在行車制動系統失效的情況下，保證汽車仍能實現減速或停車的制動系統稱為應急制動系統；在行車過程中，輔助行車制動系統降低車速或保持車速穩定，但不能將車輛緊急制停的制動系統稱為輔助制動系統。上述各制動系統中，行車制動系統和駐車制動系統是每一輛汽車都必須具備的。

（2）按制動操縱能源

制動系統可分為人力制動系統、動力制動系統和伺服制動系統等。以駕駛員的肌體作為唯一制動能源的制動系統稱為人力制動系統；完全靠由發動機的動力轉化而成的氣壓或液壓形式的勢能進行制動的系統稱為動力制動系統；兼用人力和發動機動力進行制動的制動系統稱為伺服制動系統或助力制動系統。

（3）按制動能量的傳輸方式

制動系統可分為機械式、液壓式、氣壓式、電磁式等。同時采用兩種以上傳能方式的制動系稱為組合式制動系統。

制動系統一般由制動操縱機構和制動器兩個主要部分組成。

1） 制動操縱機構

制動系統

產生制動動作、控制制動效果并將制動能量傳輸到制動器的各個部件，如圖中的2、3、4、6，以及制動輪缸和制動管路。

2）制動器

產生阻礙車輛的運動或運動趨勢的力(制動力)的部件。汽車上常用的制動器都是利用固定元件與旋轉元件工作表面的摩擦而產生制動力矩，稱為摩擦制動器。它有鼓式制動器和盤式制動器兩種結構型式。

Power steering mechanism

The power steering gear is a device that uses external power to assist the driver to operate the steering wheel easily. With the recent increase of engine horsepower and the widespread use of flat tires, the vehicle weight and steering resistance have increased, so the power steering mechanism is more and more popular. It is worth noting that the steering power should not be constant, because when driving at high speed, the tire's lateral resistance is small, the steering wheel becomes light, it is difficult to capture the feeling of the road, and it is also easy to cause the steering too sensitive and make the car difficult to control. So we should reduce the power properly at high speed, but the change must be smooth and excessive.

（1） Hydraulic power steering device the hydraulic power steering device is light in weight and compact in structure, which is conducive to improving the sense of steering operation, but the increase of liquid flow will increase the load of the pump, so it is necessary to maintain the idle rotation mechanism.

（2） Electric power steering device electric power steering device is the latest form of steering device, because it is energy-saving, so people pay attention to it. It uses the battery to rotate the motor to generate thrust. Because the power of the engine is not used directly, the power loss of the engine is greatly reduced (the maximum loss of hydraulic type is 5-10 horsepower), and the hydraulic pipeline is not needed, which is convenient for installation. In particular, it is conducive to the middle engine rear wheel drive vehicles. However, at present, the power of electric power steering device is not as good as that of hydraulic type, so it is only used in the vehicle with light front axle and middle engine and rear drive.

（3） The electric hydraulic power steering device is the way that the power pump is driven by the motor and controlled by the computer. It integrates the advantages of the hydraulic type and the electric type. Because of the computer control, the power steering pump does not have to work frequently, saving the power of the engine. This method is compact in structure and easy to install and arrange, but the power generated by hydraulic pressure cannot be too large, so it is suitable for cars with small displacement.

Introduction to brake system

Structure and function of automobile brake system

A series of special devices used to make the outside world (mainly the road surface) exert certain force on some parts of the car (mainly the wheels), so as to carry out a certain degree of forced braking on the car are collectively referred to as the braking system. Its function is: to make the driving car decelerate or even stop according to the driver's requirements; to make the stopped car park stably under various road conditions (including on the ramp); to keep the speed of the car running downhill stable.

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