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汽車底盤構(gòu)造和四大體系詳解

動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)

動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)是利用外部動(dòng)力協(xié)助司機(jī)輕便操作轉(zhuǎn)向盤的裝置。隨著最近汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)馬力的增大和扁平輪胎的普遍使用，使車重和轉(zhuǎn)向阻力都加大了，因此動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)越來越普及。值得注意的是，轉(zhuǎn)向助力不應(yīng)是不變的，因?yàn)樵诟咚傩旭倳r(shí)，輪胎的橫向阻力小，轉(zhuǎn)向盤變得輕飄，很難捕捉路面的感覺，也容易造成轉(zhuǎn)向過于靈敏而使汽車不易控制。所以在高速時(shí)要適當(dāng)減低動(dòng)力，但這種變化必須平順過度。

（一）液壓式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置 液壓式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置重量輕，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，利于改善轉(zhuǎn)向操作感覺，但液體流量的增加會(huì)加重泵的負(fù)荷，需要保持怠速旋轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)構(gòu)。

（二）電動(dòng)式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置 電動(dòng)式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置是最新形式的轉(zhuǎn)向裝置，由于它節(jié)能，故受到人們的重視。它是利用蓄電池轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)電機(jī)產(chǎn)生推力。由于不直接使用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力，所以大大降低了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率損失(液壓式最大損失5-10馬力)，且不需要液壓管路，便于安裝。尤其有利于中置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車。但目前電動(dòng)式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置所得動(dòng)力還比不上液壓式，所以只限用于前輪軸輕的中置發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車上。

（三）電動(dòng)液壓式動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置 即由電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向助力泵并由計(jì)算機(jī)控制的方式，它集液壓式和電動(dòng)式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)于一體。因?yàn)槭怯?jì)算機(jī)控制，所以轉(zhuǎn)向助力泵不必經(jīng)常工作，節(jié)省了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率。這種方式結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，便于安裝布置，但液壓產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力不能太大，所以適用排量小的汽車。

制動(dòng)系簡介

汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)造組成及作用

汽車上用以使外界（主要是路面）在汽車某些部分（主要是車輪）施加一定的力，從而對(duì)其進(jìn)行一定程度的強(qiáng)制制動(dòng)的一系列專門裝置統(tǒng)稱為制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。其作用是：使行駛中的汽車按照駕駛員的要求進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制減速甚至停車；使已停駛的汽車在各種道路條件下（包括在坡道上）穩(wěn)定駐車；使下坡行駛的汽車速度保持穩(wěn)定。

制動(dòng)系工作原理圖

對(duì)汽車起制動(dòng)作用的只能是作用在汽車上且方向與汽車行駛方向相反的外力，而這些外力的大小都是隨機(jī)的、不可控制的，因此汽車上必須裝設(shè)一系列專門裝置以實(shí)現(xiàn)上述功能。

分類：

（1）按制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的作用

制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可分為行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、應(yīng)急制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)及輔助制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等。用以使行駛中的汽車降低速度甚至停車的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；用以使已停駛的汽車駐留原地不動(dòng)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)則稱為駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；在行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)失效的情況下，保證汽車仍能實(shí)現(xiàn)減速或停車的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為應(yīng)急制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；在行車過程中，輔助行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)降低車速或保持車速穩(wěn)定，但不能將車輛緊急制停的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為輔助制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。上述各制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，行車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和駐車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是每一輛汽車都必須具備的。

（2）按制動(dòng)操縱能源

制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可分為人力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和伺服制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等。以駕駛員的肌體作為唯一制動(dòng)能源的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為人力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；完全靠由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)化而成的氣壓或液壓形式的勢(shì)能進(jìn)行制動(dòng)的系統(tǒng)稱為動(dòng)力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；兼用人力和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力進(jìn)行制動(dòng)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)稱為伺服制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)或助力制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。

（3）按制動(dòng)能量的傳輸方式

制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可分為機(jī)械式、液壓式、氣壓式、電磁式等。同時(shí)采用兩種以上傳能方式的制動(dòng)系稱為組合式制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。

制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)一般由制動(dòng)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)和制動(dòng)器兩個(gè)主要部分組成。

1） 制動(dòng)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)

制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)

產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)動(dòng)作、控制制動(dòng)效果并將制動(dòng)能量傳輸?shù)街苿?dòng)器的各個(gè)部件，如圖中的2、3、4、6，以及制動(dòng)輪缸和制動(dòng)管路。

2）制動(dòng)器

產(chǎn)生阻礙車輛的運(yùn)動(dòng)或運(yùn)動(dòng)趨勢(shì)的力(制動(dòng)力)的部件。汽車上常用的制動(dòng)器都是利用固定元件與旋轉(zhuǎn)元件工作表面的摩擦而產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)力矩，稱為摩擦制動(dòng)器。它有鼓式制動(dòng)器和盤式制動(dòng)器兩種結(jié)構(gòu)型式。

Power steering mechanism

The power steering gear is a device that uses external power to assist the driver to operate the steering wheel easily. With the recent increase of engine horsepower and the widespread use of flat tires, the vehicle weight and steering resistance have increased, so the power steering mechanism is more and more popular. It is worth noting that the steering power should not be constant, because when driving at high speed, the tire's lateral resistance is small, the steering wheel becomes light, it is difficult to capture the feeling of the road, and it is also easy to cause the steering too sensitive and make the car difficult to control. So we should reduce the power properly at high speed, but the change must be smooth and excessive.

（1） Hydraulic power steering device the hydraulic power steering device is light in weight and compact in structure, which is conducive to improving the sense of steering operation, but the increase of liquid flow will increase the load of the pump, so it is necessary to maintain the idle rotation mechanism.

（2） Electric power steering device electric power steering device is the latest form of steering device, because it is energy-saving, so people pay attention to it. It uses the battery to rotate the motor to generate thrust. Because the power of the engine is not used directly, the power loss of the engine is greatly reduced (the maximum loss of hydraulic type is 5-10 horsepower), and the hydraulic pipeline is not needed, which is convenient for installation. In particular, it is conducive to the middle engine rear wheel drive vehicles. However, at present, the power of electric power steering device is not as good as that of hydraulic type, so it is only used in the vehicle with light front axle and middle engine and rear drive.

（3） The electric hydraulic power steering device is the way that the power pump is driven by the motor and controlled by the computer. It integrates the advantages of the hydraulic type and the electric type. Because of the computer control, the power steering pump does not have to work frequently, saving the power of the engine. This method is compact in structure and easy to install and arrange, but the power generated by hydraulic pressure cannot be too large, so it is suitable for cars with small displacement.

Introduction to brake system

Structure and function of automobile brake system

A series of special devices used to make the outside world (mainly the road surface) exert certain force on some parts of the car (mainly the wheels), so as to carry out a certain degree of forced braking on the car are collectively referred to as the braking system. Its function is: to make the driving car decelerate or even stop according to the driver's requirements; to make the stopped car park stably under various road conditions (including on the ramp); to keep the speed of the car running downhill stable.

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