AMEE2020上海國際汽車底盤系統(tǒng)與制造工程技術(shù)展覽會

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AMEE2020上海國際汽車底盤系統(tǒng)與制造工程技術(shù)展覽會定于2020年10月26-28號在上海世博展覽館舉辦，這是全球汽車行業(yè)第一個(gè)專門針對底盤系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈領(lǐng)域舉辦的專業(yè)技術(shù)展覽會。

AMEE 將打造新能源汽車底盤系統(tǒng)智能化、電動(dòng)化、電子化、輕量化，以及乘用車、商用車、特種車底盤設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)工程、先進(jìn)制造工程、底盤趨勢工程、精益產(chǎn)品工程等產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈前沿技術(shù)與解決方案展示平臺。

汽車底盤構(gòu)造和四大體系詳解

懸架

一、作用把車架與車橋彈性連接起來，吸收或緩和車輪在不平路面上受到的沖擊和振動(dòng)，傳遞各種作用力和力矩。

二、組成一般由彈性元件、導(dǎo)向裝置和減振器三部分組成。

三、類型懸架可分為獨(dú)立懸架和非獨(dú)立懸架兩類。

1、獨(dú)立懸架 （如下圖a所示）。

獨(dú)立懸架的特點(diǎn)是：每一側(cè)車輪單獨(dú)通過彈簧懸掛在車架下面，汽車行使中，當(dāng)一側(cè)車輪跳動(dòng)時(shí)，不會影響另一側(cè)車輪的工作。獨(dú)立懸架中多采用螺旋彈簧和扭桿彈簧作為彈性元件，并配用導(dǎo)向裝置和減振器。獨(dú)立懸架在轎車上廣泛應(yīng)用。

2、非獨(dú)立懸架 （如下圖b所示）。

非獨(dú)立懸架的特點(diǎn)是兩側(cè)的車輪分別安裝在同一整體式車轎上，車轎通過彈性元件與車架相連。這種懸架在汽車行駛中，當(dāng)一側(cè)車輪跳動(dòng)時(shí)，另一側(cè)車輪也將隨之跳動(dòng)。非獨(dú)立懸架中廣泛采用鋼板彈簧作為彈性元件，這種懸架在中、重型汽車上普遍采用。

四、彈性元件

懸架采用的彈性元件有鋼板彈簧、螺旋彈簧、扭桿彈簧、空氣彈簧、油氣彈簧、橡膠彈簧等。

a、鋼板彈簧

鋼板彈簧又叫葉片彈簧，它是由若干不等長的合金彈簧片疊加在一起組合成一根近似等強(qiáng)度的梁。鋼板彈簧的第一片（最長的一片）稱為主片，其兩端彎成卷耳，內(nèi)裝青銅或塑料或橡膠。粉沫冶金、制成的襯套，用彈簧銷與固定在車架上的支架、或吊耳作鉸鏈連接。鋼板彈簧的中間用U形螺栓與車橋固定。

鋼板彈簧在載荷作用下變形，各片之間因相對滑動(dòng)而產(chǎn)生摩擦，可促使車架的振動(dòng)衰減。各片間的干摩擦，車輪將所受沖擊力傳遞給車架，且增大了各片的摩損。所以在裝合時(shí)，各片間涂上較稠的潤滑劑（石墨潤滑脂），并應(yīng)定期保養(yǎng)。

b、螺旋彈簧

螺旋彈簧是用彈簧鋼棒卷制而成，它們有剛度不變的圓柱形螺旋彈簧和剛度可變的圓錐形螺旋彈簧。

螺旋彈簧大多應(yīng)用在獨(dú)立懸架上， 尤以前輪獨(dú)立懸架采用廣泛。有些轎車后輪非獨(dú)立懸架也有采用螺旋彈簧作彈性元件的。由于螺旋彈簧只承受垂直載荷，它用做彈性元件的懸架要加設(shè)導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)和減振器。它與鋼板彈簧相比具有不需潤滑，防污性強(qiáng)，占用縱向空間小，彈簧本身質(zhì)量小的特點(diǎn)，因而現(xiàn)代轎車上廣泛采用。

c、扭桿彈簧

扭桿彈簧總成用鉻釩合金彈簧鋼制成，它的表面經(jīng)過加工很光滑。通常為保護(hù)扭桿表面，在其上涂有環(huán)氧樹脂，并包一層玻璃纖維，再涂一層環(huán)氧樹脂，最后涂上瀝青和防銹油漆，以防摩蝕和損壞表面，從而提高扭桿彈簧的使用壽命。

d、氣體彈簧

氣體彈簧主要有空氣彈簧和油氣彈簧兩種。

氣體彈簧是以空氣做彈性介質(zhì)，即在一個(gè)密閉的容器內(nèi)裝入壓縮空氣（氣壓為0.5~1MPa），利用氣體的可壓縮性實(shí)現(xiàn)彈簧的作用。這種彈性元件叫空氣彈簧，它分為囊式和膜式空氣彈簧。空氣彈簧在轎車上有采用尤其在主動(dòng)懸架中被采用。這種彈簧隨著載荷的增加，容器內(nèi)壓縮空氣壓力升高，使其彈簧剛度也隨之增加，載荷減少，彈簧壓力也隨空氣壓力減少而下降，因而這種彈簧有其理想的彈性特性。

油氣彈簧以氣體（氮-惰性氣體）作為彈性介質(zhì)，用油液作為傳力介質(zhì)。

彈簧

suspension

1、 The function is to connect the frame and the axle elastically, absorb or mitigate the impact and vibration of the wheel on the uneven road surface, and transfer various forces and moments.

2、 The composition is generally composed of three parts: elastic element, guide device and shock absorber.

3、 Type suspension can be divided into independent suspension and non independent suspension.

1. Independent suspension (as shown in figure a below).

The characteristics of independent suspension are: each side of the wheel is suspended under the frame by spring separately. When one side of the wheel is running out, the operation of the other side of the wheel will not be affected. In independent suspension, coil spring and torsion bar spring are used as elastic elements, and guide device and shock absorber are used. Independent suspension is widely used in cars.

2. Independent suspension (as shown in Figure B below).

The feature of non independent suspension is that the wheels on both sides are respectively installed on the same integral car, and the car is connected with the frame through elastic elements. When one side of the wheel of the suspension is bouncing, the other side of the wheel will also be bouncing. Leaf spring is widely used as elastic element in non independent suspension, which is widely used in medium and heavy vehicles.

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4、 Elastic element

The elastic elements used in suspension include leaf spring, spiral spring, torsion bar spring, air spring, oil air spring, rubber spring, etc.

a. Leaf spring

Leaf spring is also called leaf spring. It is composed of a number of different length alloy spring sheets which are superposed together to form a beam of approximately equal strength. The first piece (the longest piece) of leaf spring is called the main piece, and its two ends are bent into rolling ears with bronze or plastic or rubber inside. The bushing made of powder metallurgy is hinged with a spring pin and a bracket or lifting lug fixed on the frame. The middle of leaf spring is fixed with U-bolt and axle.

The leaf spring deforms under the action of load, and there is friction between the plates due to relative sliding, which can promote the vibration attenuation of the frame. The dry friction between the plates will transfer the impact force to the frame, and increase the friction loss of the plates. Therefore, when assembling, apply a thick lubricant (graphite grease) between each piece, and maintain it regularly.

b. Coil spring

The coil spring is made of spring steel bar. They have cylindrical coil spring with constant rigidity and conical coil spring with variable rigidity.

Coil spring is mostly used in independent suspension, especially in front independent suspension. Some car rear wheel independent suspension also use coil spring as elastic element. Since the coil spring only bears vertical load, the suspension used as elastic element should be equipped with guide mechanism and shock absorber. Compared with leaf spring, it has the characteristics of no lubrication, strong antifouling, small longitudinal space occupation and small spring quality, so it is widely used in modern cars.

c. Torsion bar spring

The torsion bar spring assembly is made of chrome vanadium alloy spring steel, and its surface is very smooth after processing. Generally, in order to protect the surface of torsion bar, epoxy resin is coated on it, and a layer of glass fiber is coated, then epoxy resin is coated, and finally asphalt and antirust paint are coated to prevent friction and damage to the surface, so as to improve the service life of torsion bar spring.

d. Gas spring

There are two kinds of gas spring: air spring and oil gas spring.

The gas spring uses air as the elastic medium, that is to say, compressed air (air pressure is 0.5 ~ 1MPa) is put into a closed container, and the function of the spring is realized by the compressibility of the gas. This kind of elastic element is called air spring. It is divided into bag type and membrane type air spring. Air spring is used in car, especially in active suspension. With the increase of load, the pressure of compressed air in the container increases, so the spring stiffness increases, the load decreases, and the spring pressure decreases with the decrease of air pressure, so the spring has ideal elastic characteristics.

Oil gas spring takes gas (nitrogen inert gas) as elastic medium and oil as force transmitting medium.

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